Análise de disponibilidade e eficiência energética em redes LoRaWAN sob ataque de Jamming reativo: uma abordagem via simulação no NS-3

Abstract

The expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven the adoption of the LoRaWAN protocol in critical infrastructures due to its long range and low energy consumption. However, operation in unlicensed spectrum makes these networks susceptible to Denial of Service attacks at the physical layer, specifically reactive jamming. This work presents a quantitative analysis of the impact of these attacks on the availability and energy efficiency of LoRaWAN networks, focusing on the Brazilian regulatory scenario (AU915 band, Anatel). Through simulations in Network Simulator 3 (NS-3), an interfering node was modeled with reaction latency based on experimental data from real SDR hardware. The results demonstrate that the attack reduces the packet delivery rate (PDR) by up to 24.7 percentage points in SF7 in the experiment with fixed SF, and up to 22.6 percentage points in SF8 in the rural environment with active ADR. The Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) algorithm increases the spreading factor in response to losses, increasing average energy consumption by up to 51% – a phenomenon known as the energy degradation spiral. The experiment with fixed SF proved that the jammer is energetically innocuous in the absence of ADR, isolating this algorithm as the sole vector of energy depletion. The study highlights the urgency of anti-jamming mechanisms adapted to the national reality.