Estratégias de manejo de fitonematoides no cultivo da soja: desafios e soluções

Abstract

Soybeans (Glycine max) are cultivated globally and nationally, with record production in Brazil in 2022/2023: 154.566 million tons. The main soybean phytonematodes in Brazil are Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera glycines, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Rotylenchulus reniformis and Aphelenchoides besseyi. Controlling these pests requires integrated strategies such as resistant cultivars and crop rotation. Resistant genotypes and biological nematicides are essential to control phytonematodes in soybeans, reducing losses and environmental contamination. Integrated strategies are necessary due to the difficulty of management. The study used books, articles and online searches in bases such as Capes, Google Scholar and SciELO, focusing on phytonematodes in soybeans, with materials from 2013 to 2023. Soybeans are an annual plant from the Fabaceae family, essential globally for feed, oils and biodiesel , adapted to temperatures of 20-30°C. It is an annual plant from the Fabaceae family, vital globally for the production of animal feed, oils and biodiesel, corresponding to 80% of demand in Brazil. With an average height of 60 cm, it is autogamous and has around 3 grains per pod. Genetic improvement expanded its cultivation in low latitude regions, increasing the productivity and stability of new cultivars. Phytonematodes cause increasing damage to soybeans, resulting in 10.6% of global annual losses. In Brazil, annual losses reach R$16.2 billion. Among the main difficulties in management are: being considered invisible organisms, diversity of races, dormancy capacity and existence of few resistant cultivars on the market. Thus, phytonematodes represent a crucial challenge in soybean cultivation, requiring monitoring, accurate diagnosis and effective preventive measures