A física da conversão da energia das ondas e das marés e suas implicações na geração de eletricidade sustentável

Abstract

This study analyzes the conversion of wave and tidal energy into sustainable electricity, highlighting its relevance as a clean alternative for diversifying the energy matrix and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The research is based on the integration of theoretical foundations of Physics with an experimental approach, aiming to understand how the natural movements of the ocean can be harnessed efficiently and didactically. In the development of the study, a mixed-method methodology was adopted, involving a literature review, descriptive analysis, and the construction of a reduced-scale tidal prototype. The theoretical framework encompasses concepts of wave theory, fluid mechanics, and electromagnetism, with emphasis on Faraday–Lenz’s Law. Experimentally, the oscillatory movement of water causes the displacement of a magnet coupled to a coil, generating variation in the magnetic flux and inducing electrical voltage. The tests indicated the generation of voltages ranging from approximately 0,1 millivolts to ± 2,4 millivolts (mV), values consistent with the proposed model. The mathematical analysis of waves, considering height and period, reinforces the energetic potential of the phenomenon and its predictability. It is concluded that, despite practical limitations and the low power obtained, the prototype fulfills an important scientific and educational role by validating fundamental physical principles. The study demonstrates that wave and tidal energy present high potential as renewable energy sources, provided that they are accompanied by technological advances, applied research, and careful assessments of their environmental, social, and economic impacts.