A química dos psicoestimulantes: Uma Revisão sobre os Mecanismos Moleculares e os Impactos do uso indiscriminado de Ritalina® e Venvanse®.The Chemistry of Psychostimulants: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and the Impacts of the Indiscriminate Use of Ritalin® and Venvanse®.

Abstract

This study presents a literature review on lisdexamfetamine (Venvanse®) and methylphenidate (Ritalin®), psychostimulants widely used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This qualitative, exploratory research analyzes the chemical and pharmacological aspects of these substances, as well as the risks associated with their indiscriminate use. The investigation reveals that, although both act on dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, they exhibit fundamental molecular differences: lisdexamfetamine functions as a prodrug requiring enzymatic activation resulting in a more stable and prolonged pharmacokinetic profile whereas methylphenidate acts directly by inhibiting neurotransmitter reuptake. The analysis indicates that, when prescribed correctly, these medications are effective in managing ADHD. However, the contemporary academic landscape has seen a significant rise in the non-therapeutic use of these substances, driven by the pursuit of cognitive enhancement and pressure for productivity. The results demonstrate that use without medical supervision exposes individuals to serious risks, such as dependence, anxiety, insomnia, and cardiovascular complications. It is concluded that a solid understanding of the medicinal chemistry underlying these drugs is essential to promote rational use, alongside the need for educational initiatives and stricter regulatory measures to combat self-medication and mitigate the impact of this public health issue.