Análise multitemporal dos focos de calor no ecotono caatinga do estado do Piauí

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the multitemporal variability of heat spots in the Caatinga biome of the state of Piauí, using a time frame of five years (2020 to 2024). The research sought to map the geographical distribution and seasonality of these events, correlating them with climatic and socioeconomic factors to identify areas of greatest risk in the state. The methodology employed a quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach, utilizing Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Heat spot data were collected from the Fire Database (BDQueimadas) of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE/CPTEC). Spatial analysis was performed through Kernel Density Hotspot Mapping. Temporal analysis showed variations in fire incidence, with significant peaks in 2021 (recording 134,578 heat spots) and 2024, which was associated with periods of more intense drought and greater water deficit, confirming the inverse relationship between precipitation and fire occurrence in the Caatinga. Spatial analysis identified persistent hotspots, mainly concentrated in the Central-West and Southwest mesoregions of Piauí. The Central-West region is the main and most recurring hotspot, frequently reaching the "Extremely High" intensity category in 2020, 2021, and 2024, highlighting the structural vulnerability of the biome and continuous anthropic pressure, likely linked to agricultural expansion and inadequate land management. The formation of heat spot belts was also observed in the buffer zones of Conservation Units, representing an imminent risk to the Serra da Capivara and Serra das Confusões National Parks. The results obtained reinforce the need for robust and continuous public policies, based on Integrated Fire Management (IFM). It was concluded that prioritizing the identified critical municipalities (such as Floriano, Canto do Buriti, Itaueira, and São José do Peixe) is essential to optimize resources and guide inspection and territorial planning measures, aiming at the preservation of the Caatinga biome in the face of climatic and socioeconomic pressures.